The first question that should be asked about plans to launch a batch of vocational GCSEs is: how will these differ from the roughly 50 similar courses that already exist? Is this primarily a rebadging exercise, aimed at boosting the qualifications’ status and name recognition, while signalling how seriously non-academic education is taken by Andy Burnham and his education secretary, Lucy Powell? Or is there something the matter with the existing courses that they want to put right?
The independent curriculum review completed last year recommended a moratorium on new technical awards, except where there is an “exceptionally compelling” case for change. It also proposed that the Department for Education analyse existing ones, including how well they prepare pupils for 16-19 education; no such research has appeared.
Last year, around 170,000 16-year-olds in England and Wales took a level 2 BTec qualification alongside GCSEs – the two most popular being health and sport and leisure. They are also studied by post-16 students at further education colleges. While the number of entries is dwarfed by the overall annual total of 5.7m GCSEs, it is not the case that all individual GCSEs have higher take-up. In 2024, for example, just 6,723 pupils took a GCSE in dance.
The fact that technical awards are not on the radar of many pupils and parents does not mean that they lack value. The low awareness of vocational options is widely recognised as a problem and was cited by Pepe Di’Iasio, the general secretary of the Association of School and College Leaders, in response to this week’s announcement. Clearer signposting is expected to be among the recommendations of a review chaired by Charles Clarke, a former education secretary, when it is published later this autumn.
The second question about vocational GCSEs is how they will relate to the plans for new V-levels (level 3 qualifications like A-levels), to which the government is already committed. V-levels are due to replace all existing vocational level 3s apart from T-levels, after ministers rejected a campaign aimed at saving some older courses. Will vocational GCSEs be viewed as stepping stones to the new V-level courses? If not, how will duplication and repetition be avoided?
For schools, the key issues will be practical. Construction is one of the new GCSEs promised. But there are already many vacancies for construction‑related college teaching positions and it is not clear where a workforce for teaching 14- to 16-year-olds building skills would come from – or whether training teachers for new subjects should take priority over existing shortages.
The government’s commitment to getting more young people into jobs is admirable, and ministers are right to push for more work‑experience opportunities. But given the difficulties in this area encountered by T-level students – which led to a watering down of the initial requirement for a placement – it is doubtful whether the aim of getting large numbers of 14- to 16-year-olds into workplaces is realistic.
There is nothing wrong with rebranding level 2 technical awards and reshaping them if they are shown to be deficient. But given their ambitious reboot of post-16 options, as well as hugely challenging reforms of the special educational needs system, ministers should beware of new GCSEs becoming a distraction. If they are serious about boosting vocational learning, it is the overlooked further education sector that needs attention.
