203 and 214. Noncitizen Voting: The Missing Millions | Brennan Center for Justice. https://www.brennancenter.org/our-work/research-reports/noncitizen-voting-missing-millions. Accessed 11 Oct. 2024.
210. Noncitizen Voting Isn’t Affecting State or Federal Elections — Here’s Why | Brennan Center for Justice. 10 Oct. 2024, https://www.brennancenter.org/our-work/analysis-opinion/noncitizens-are-not-voting-federal-or-state-elections-heres-why.
264. Noncitizen Voting Is Already Illegal — and Vanishingly Rare | Brennan Center for Justice. 12 Apr. 2024, https://www.brennancenter.org/our-work/analysis-opinion/noncitizen-voting-already-illegal-and-vanishingly-rare.
—. Why the Myth of Noncitizen Voting Persists | Brennan Center for Justice. https://www.brennancenter.org/our-work/analysis-opinion/why-myth-noncitizen-voting-persists. Accessed 11 Oct. 2024.
Ansolabehere, Stephen, et al. “The Perils of Cherry Picking Low Frequency Events in Large Sample Surveys.” Electoral Studies, vol. 40, Dec. 2015, pp. 409–10. ScienceDirect, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2015.07.002.
Asylum | USCIS. 4 Sept. 2024, https://www.uscis.gov/humanitarian/refugees-and-asylum/asylum.
Berzon, Alexandra. “Republicans Seize on False Theories About Immigrant Voting.” The New York Times, 5 Sept. 2024. NYTimes.com, https://www.nytimes.com/2024/09/05/us/politics/immigrant-noncitizen-voting-republicans.html.
Blitzer, Jonathan. “How Trump Hopes to Exploit the Myth of Voter Fraud in November.” The New Yorker, 22 Sept. 2024. www.newyorker.com, https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2024/09/30/how-trump-hopes-to-exploit-the-myth-of-voter-fraud-in-november.
Bump, Philip. “Trump’s GOTV Pitch: Democrats Are Paying Immigrants to Come Vote for Democrats.” The Washington Post, 19 Oct. 2018, https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2018/10/19/trumps-gotv-pitch-democrats-are-paying-immigrants-come-vote-democrats/.
“Can Noncitizens Vote in US Elections?” AP News, 19 Oct. 2022, https://apnews.com/article/2022-midterm-elections-noncitizens-voting-question-d720a6d02e066700d86812dc717906e5.
Carroll, Lauren. “Donald Trump Wrongly Says Noncitizens Can Vote When There Is Same-Day Voter Registration.” @politifact, https://www.politifact.com/factchecks/2016/may/08/donald-trump/donald-trump-wrongly-says-noncitizens-can-vote-whe/. Accessed 11 Oct. 2024.
Citizenship and Naturalization | USCIS. 5 July 2020, https://www.uscis.gov/citizenship/learn-about-citizenship/citizenship-and-naturalization.
“Citizenship Audit Finds 1,634 Noncitizens Attempted to Register to Vote .” Georgia Secretary of State, 28 Mar. 2022, https://sos.ga.gov/news/citizenship-audit-finds-1634-noncitizens-attempted-register-vote.
Comprehensive Bill Search. http://tracker.votingrightslab.org/pending/search. Accessed 11 Oct. 2024.
Debunking the Voter Fraud Myth | Brennan Center for Justice. https://www.brennancenter.org/our-work/research-reports/debunking-voter-fraud-myth. Accessed 11 Oct. 2024.
“Even before Election, Trump, Allies Sue over Claims That Non-Citizens Might Vote.” Reuters, 20 Sept. 2024. www.reuters.com, https://www.reuters.com/world/us/even-before-election-trump-allies-sue-over-claims-that-non-citizens-might-vote-2024-09-19/.
Garcia, By Berenice. “A Fox News Host’s Debunked Election Conspiracy Appears to Have Prompted a State Investigation.” The Texas Tribune, 26 Aug. 2024, https://www.texastribune.org/2024/08/26/texas-voter-registration-election-ken-paxton-investigation/.
“GOP Targets ‘noncitizen Voting.’ Experts Agree It’s Not a Problem.” Los Angeles Times, 12 Sept. 2024, https://www.latimes.com/politics/story/2024-09-12/noncitizen-voting-republicans.
Graves, Allison. “Trump Wrong on Percentage of Noncitizen Voters.” @politifact, https://www.politifact.com/factchecks/2016/oct/24/donald-trump/donald-trump-wrongly-says-14-percent-noncitizens-a/. Accessed 11 Oct. 2024.
Hartig, Ruth Igielnik, Scott Keeter and Hannah. “Behind Biden’s 2020 Victory.” Pew Research Center, 30 June 2021, https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2021/06/30/behind-bidens-2020-victory/.
Help America Vote Act | U.S. Election Assistance Commission. https://www.eac.gov/about/help_america_vote_act.aspx. Accessed 11 Oct. 2024.
“How a Post Falsely Claiming Migrants Are Registering to Vote Spread to Millions in Four Weeks.” NBC News, 1 May 2024, https://www.nbcnews.com/news/latino/misinformation-migrants-illegally-registered-vote-rcna149557.
“Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996.” Ballotpedia, https://ballotpedia.org/Illegal_Immigration_Reform_and_Immigrant_Responsibility_Act_of_1996. Accessed 11 Oct. 2024.
Kight, Stef W. “Why There’s No Big Wave of Immigrants Voting Illegally.” Axios, 30 Mar. 2024, https://www.axios.com/2024/03/30/no-big-wave-immigrants-voting-illegally-trump.
Kilgore, Ed. “Mike Johnson’s SAVE Act Stunt May Shut Down the Government.” Intelligencer, 11 Sept. 2024, https://nymag.com/intelligencer/article/mike-johnson-save-act-stunt-shut-down-government.html.
Kruzel, John. “No Evidence ‘Many’ Illegal Immigrants Voted in Midterms.” @politifact, https://www.politifact.com/factchecks/2018/nov/16/lou-dobbs/no-evidence-many-illegal-immigrants-voted-midterm-/. Accessed 11 Oct. 2024.
Lempert, Julianne, et al. “Five Things to Know About the SAVE ACct.” Bipartisan Policy Center, 10 July 2024, https://bipartisanpolicy.org/blog/five-things-to-know-about-the-save-act/.
Levitt , Justin. The Truth About Voter Fraud. New York University School of Law, 2007.
Limited-Term Driver’s License and Identification Card. https://www.sos.texas.gov/elections/laws/advisory2024-30.shtml. Accessed 15 Oct. 2024.
Major Pending Election Cases | Key Cases Addressing Claims Concerning the 2020 Presidential Election. https://electioncases.osu.edu/2021/01/summary-of-post-election-cases/. Accessed 11 Oct. 2024.
Mathis, Joel, and The Week US published. “Why Is a Government Shutdown Possible before the Election?” Theweek, 10 Sept. 2024, https://theweek.com/politics/government-shutdown-2024-election.
News, A. B. C. “Democrats Again Help House Republicans Avoid Another Government Shutdown.” ABC News, https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/schumer-senate-ready-pass-bill-avoid-shutdown-house/story?id=114076429. Accessed 11 Oct. 2024.
“Noncitizen Voting Isn’t an Issue in Federal Elections, Regardless of Conspiracy Theories. Here’s Why.” AP News, 12 Apr. 2024, https://apnews.com/article/trump-immigrant-voting-noncitizens-elections-explained-cf4c73b336147b5f5d9c2a22b2564994.
Non-Citizen Voting Rights in Local Board of Education Elections | San Francisco. https://www.sf.gov/non-citizen-voting-rights-local-board-education-elections. Accessed 11 Oct. 2024.
Quick Start Management Guide Provisional Ballots. U.S. Election Commission, Oct. 2008, https://www.eac.gov/sites/default/files/document_library/files/Quick_Start-Provisional_Ballots.pdf.
Replacement Theory | Definition, Conspiracy Theory, Renaud Camus, & Facts | Britannica. 1 Oct. 2024, https://www.britannica.com/topic/replacement-theory.
Republican National Committee Election Integrity & Litigation Efforts. Republican National Committee, https://prod-static.gop.com/media/documents/RNC_Election_Integrity__Litigation_Efforts_2.14.24_1708716277.pdf.
Roy, Chip. Safeguard American Voter Eligibility Act or the SAVE Act. H.R.8281, 5 July 2024, https://www.congress.gov/bill/118th-congress/house-bill/8281.
“Secretary Raffensperger Refers 1,600 Noncitizen Registrants to Local DAs, GBI, State Election Board .” Georgia Secretary of State, 11 Apr. 2022, https://sos.ga.gov/news/secretary-raffensperger-refers-1600-noncitizen-registrants-local-das-gbi-state-election-board.
Slattery, Gram. “Trump Campaign Launches Effort to Fight Voter Fraud.” Reuters, 19 Apr. 2024. www.reuters.com, https://www.reuters.com/world/us/trump-campaign-launches-effort-fight-voter-fraud-2024-04-19/.
So, Linda. “Insight: ‘Stop the Steal’ Supporters Train Thousands of U.S. Poll Observers.” Reuters, 13 Oct. 2022. www.reuters.com, https://www.reuters.com/world/us/stop-steal-supporters-train-thousands-us-poll-observers-2022-10-13/.
The Myth of Voter Fraud | Brennan Center for Justice. 26 June 2024, https://www.brennancenter.org/issues/ensure-every-american-can-vote/vote-suppression/myth-voter-fraud.
“TRUMP CAMPAIGN AND RNC UNVEIL HISTORIC 100,000 PERSON STRONG ELECTION INTEGRITY PROGRAM.” Republican National Committee, 19 Apr. 2024, https://gop.com/press-release/trump-campaign-and-rnc-unveil-historic-100000-person-strong-election-integrity-program/.
“Trump Suggests Unauthorized Migrants Will Vote. The Idea Stirs His Base, but Ignores Reality.” AP News, 9 Jan. 2024, https://apnews.com/article/trump-migrants-border-voter-fraud-campaign-40bbf5748615a3b1f6087ff920f59278.
“Trump Tells Supporters, ‘Guard the Vote.’ Here’s the Phrase’s Backstory and Why It’s Raising Concern.” AP News, 6 Dec. 2023, https://apnews.com/article/trump-guard-vote-election-2024-flynn-39d41fe4f7229d4ab7e1956efc428e10.
Vo, Joshua Eaton, Lauren Rosenthal,Thy Anh. “A Nonprofit With Ties to Democrats Is Sending Out Millions of Ballot Applications. Election Officials Wish It Would Stop.” ProPublica, 23 Oct. 2020, https://www.propublica.org/article/a-nonprofit-with-ties-to-democrats-is-sending-out-millions-of-ballot-applications-election-officials-wish-it-would-stop.
Voting Laws Roundup: September 2024 | Brennan Center for Justice. https://www.brennancenter.org/our-work/research-reports/voting-laws-roundup-september-2024. Accessed 11 Oct. 2024.
Why Don’t They Just Get in Line? | Immigration Research Library. https://www.immigrationresearch.org/report/immigration-policy-center/why-don%E2%80%99t-they-just-get-line. Accessed 11 Oct. 2024.
Wolf, Zachary B. “Analysis: What the Data Actually Shows about Whether Undocumented Immigrants Vote in US Elections | CNN Politics.” CNN, 12 Sept. 2024, https://www.cnn.com/2024/09/12/politics/undocumented-immigrants-voting-what-matters/index.html.
https://www.cato.org/blog/noncitizens-dont-illegally-vote-detectable-numbers. Accessed 11 Oct. 2024.
A, et al. “Trump Keeps Sabotaging Legislation over a Voting Bill. Here’s What’s in It.” NPR, 25 June 2026. Elections. NPR, https://www.npr.org/2026/06/25/nx-s1-5869577/trump-voting-save-america-act.
“Federal Court Strikes Down ICE’s Courthouse Arrest Policy Nationwide.” American Civil Liberties Union, https://www.aclu.org/press-releases/federal-court-strikes-down-ices-courthouse-arrest-policy-nationwide. Accessed 9 Oct. 2026.
Howe, Amy. Supreme Court Clears Way for Trump Administration to Use Modified Voter Verification Database. 25 Sept. 2026, https://www.scotusblog.com/2026/09/supreme-court-clears-way-for-trump-administration-to-use-modified-voter-verification-database/.
Izzo, Jack. “Despite Trump’s Claims, Large Numbers of Noncitizens Don’t Vote in US Elections.” Snopes, 16 Oct. 2024, https://www.snopes.com//news/2024/10/16/undocumented-immigrants-voting/.
———. “DHS Claimed 250K Noncitizens Are Registered to Vote across 4 States. Here’s the Truth.” Snopes, 28 July 2026, https://www.snopes.com//fact-check/dhs-250k-noncitizens-registered-vote/.
———. “No Proof New Jersey Registered 35,000 Noncitizens to Vote.” Snopes, 23 July 2026, https://www.snopes.com//fact-check/new-jersey-35000-noncitizens-registered/.
———. “Unpacking Amnesty International Report Alleging ‘torture’ and ‘Human Rights Violations’ at Alligator Alcatraz.” Snopes, 22 Dec. 2025, https://www.snopes.com//news/2025/12/22/amnesty-international-alligator-alcatraz/.
Liles, Jordan. “Did Chuck Schumer Say ‘our Ultimate Goal’ Is to Give Citizenship to Immigrants Already in US?” Snopes, 8 Oct. 2026, https://www.snopes.com//fact-check/schumer-immigrants-quote/.
Shah, Naureen. “We Documented 1,200+ Actions by ICE. Here’s What We Found. | ACLU.” American Civil Liberties Union, 16 July 2026, https://www.aclu.org/news/immigrants-rights/we-documented-1200-actions-by-ice-heres-what-we-found.
State Voting Laws Roundup: October 2026 | Brennan Center for Justice. 23 Apr. 2026, https://www.brennancenter.org/our-work/research-reports/state-voting-laws-roundup-october-2026.
“The ‘Secret’ Behind Bukele and Trump’s Controversial CECOT Deal.” FRONTLINE | PBS | Official Site | Documentary Series, https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/article/trump-bukele-deportation-deal-cecot-prison-el-salvador/. Accessed 9 Oct. 2026.
“Trump Says He Won’t Sign Any Bills until SAVE America Act Passes.” NBC News, 8 Mar. 2026, https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/donald-trump/trump-says-will-not-sign-bills-america-act-passes-rcna262336.
https://www.pbs.org/newshour/show/examining-the-dojs-effort-to-prosecute-non-citizens-accused-of-voting. Accessed 9 Oct. 2026.
264. Why the Myth of Noncitizen Voting Persists | Brennan Center for Justice. 5 Oct. 2026, https://www.brennancenter.org/our-work/analysis-opinion/why-myth-noncitizen-voting-persists.
Bedekovics, Gréta, and Sydney Bryant. “The SAVE Act: Overview and Facts.” Center for American Progress, 31 Jan. 2025, https://www.americanprogress.org/article/the-save-act-overview-and-facts/.
“‘Big Lie’ 2.0: How Trump’s False Claims about Noncitizens Voting Lay the Groundwork to Undermine the Election.” NBC News, 25 Oct. 2024, https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2024-election/trump-election-results-2024-noncitizens-voting-big-lie-rcna175552.
J, et al. “How Republicans Mainstreamed the Baseless Idea of Noncitizen Voting in 2024.” NPR, 18 Oct. 2024. Untangling Disinformation. NPR, https://www.npr.org/2024/10/16/nx-s1-5147790/noncitizen-voting-claims-trump.
———. “How Trump Is Relying on a Racist Conspiracy Theory to Question Election Results.” NPR, 13 Sept. 2024. Race. NPR, https://www.npr.org/2024/09/13/g-s1-22583/trump-great-replacement-conspiracy-theory.
M, et al. “Republicans Aim to Stop Noncitizen Voting in Federal Elections. It’s Already Illegal.” NPR, 12 Apr. 2024. Elections. NPR, https://www.npr.org/2024/04/12/1244302080/trump-johnson-noncitizen-voting-bill.
Orey, Wren, et al. “Six Things to Know About the SAVE America Act.” Bipartisan Policy Center, 17 July 2026, https://bipartisanpolicy.org/article/five-things-to-know-about-the-save-act/.
Richman, Jesse, et al. “Do Non-Citizens Vote in U.S. Elections?” Electoral Studies, vol. 36, Jan. 2014, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2014.09.001.
“Why Is It So Hard to Become a US Citizen?” American Immigration Council, https://www.americanimmigrationcouncil.org/blog/is-it-hard-to-become-a-us-citizen/. Accessed 13 Oct. 2026.
